Characters.get('e', 0) tells python to search for The main element 'e' from the dictionary. If it isn't found it returns 0. Because this is the first time 'e' is passed in the loop, the character 'e' is just not present in the dictionary nevertheless, so the get system returns 0. https://psychedelia-usa80133.digitollblog.com/36181700/helping-the-others-realize-the-advantages-of-copyright-vape-pen